ASKING IF SOMEONE REMEMBER OR NOT

There are many expression

Formal Expression:

* I wonder if you remember.....
* You remember...., don’t you?
* You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
* Don’t you remember.....?
* you happen to remember it now?

Ways to respond:

* Let me think, yes, I remember.
* I remember especially the scenery.
* I’ll never forget that
* I’ll always remember.
* I can remember it clearly.

Informal expressions:

* Remember the old house we used to live in?
* Remember that?
* I’m sorry I don’t remember

Ways to respond:

* Hold on. Yes, got it!
* I know.....
* It’s coming back to me now.

Respond if you forget:

* Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
* I’m affraid I forget.
* I really can’t remember.
* I’m afraid I have no memory of him
* Errr, let me think. No, it’s gone.Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

Finite Verb

Definition :
A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.

A non-finite verb has no subject, tense or number. The only non-finite verb forms are the infinitive (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle.

Some Types Tense:

* Finite verb forms include: I go, she goes, he went
* Non-finite verb forms include: to go, going, gone

Identify the finite verbs in a sentence:

1. Most finite verbs can take an -ed or a -d at the end of the word to indicate time in the past:cough, coughed; celebrate, celebrated.

2. Nearly all finite verbs take an -s at the end of the word to indicate the present when the subject of the verb is third-person singular: cough, he coughs; celebrate, she celebrates.

3. Finite verbs are often groups of words that include such auxiliary verbs as can, must, have, and be: can be suffering, must eat, will have gone.

4. Finite verbs usually follow their subjects: He coughs. The documents had compromised him. They will have gone.

5. Finite verbs surround their subjects when some forms of a question are asked: Is he coughing? Did they celebrate?

PREPOSITION IN,ON,AND AT

A preposition is a word or groups of words used before a noun or a pronoun to show place, position, time or method.
 Preposition in usage with periods of times and places.
Examples:
• Months = in june
• Seasons = in winter
• Country = in Greece
• City or town names = in New York
• Times of the day = in the morning, afternoon, or evening.
Exception: at noon, at night
 Preposition on usage with specific days.
Examples: on Friday, on New Year’s Day, on April 16
Note: American English = ‘on the weekend’ or on ‘weekends’
 Preposition at usage with specific times and specific places.
Examples: at 8 o’clock, at 6.20, at night, at office
Note: British English = ‘at the weekend’ or ‘at weekends’

Noun Pharases

1. Noun phrases is constraction function as subject and object .
2. Noun phrases is either a single noun or pronoun or any group of words
containing a noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or
pronoun, as the subject or object of a verb.

- Kinds of noun phrases :
a. Noun + Noun, example : Office boy
b. Verb + Noun, example : Take a bath
c. Gerund + Noun, example : Throwing ball
d. Pronoun + Noun, example : My book
e. Adjective + Noun, example : Black board
f. Determiner + Noun, example : A pen

- The noun phrases in English composed petenhally of 3 parts, there are :
a. Head : The most usual kind of head of a noun phrases.
b. Pre Modification : Consists of a number of word classes in a specific order.
c. Post Modification : Must commonly used not by specific word classes or subclasses.

Example 1 :
Shaggy : Do you like books ?
Jojo : Yes, I like them.
Shaggy : Do you like books over there?
Jojo : Yes, they are nice.
Shaggy : Do you like the book which I brought yesterday?
Jojo : Yes, I like it.

Example 2 :
- Nicko was late
( Nicko is the noun phrase functioning as the subject of the verb)

- Some noun phrase are short :
* The student

- Some are long :
* The very tall education consultant.

Modals in the past form

Modals in the past form

Modals
present Past
can could
will would
shall should
may might
1. Could + Verb base
ô to offer suggestions or possibilities
Example:
Patrick : Oh, no! I left my shorts.
Spongebob : Don’t worry, Patrick. You could borrow my shorts.
Asmi : I’m having trouble with English.
Randah : Why don’t you ask Agnes? Perhaps she could help you.

ô to indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.
Example:
Tasya : Ras, can you climb the durian tree?
Rasya : Well… I could climb durian tree when I was so young.
But I think I’m too heavy to climb it.

Mia : Grandpa, what could you do when you were younger?
Grandpa : When I was younger, I could swim across the big river
very well and faster.

ô to express polite requests
Example: Could I borrow your pencil (please)?
Could you lend me your jacket now?
Could you please close the door?
Could you pass the salt?

2. Would + Verb base
ô for an action that was repeated regularly in the past
Example:
When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend.
On Sundays, when I was a child, we would all get up early and go fishing.

ô insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences
Example:
Justin : What would you rather do in the weekend, go to the party or stay home?
Eminem : I would rather go to the party than stay home.
Angel : Which country would you rather visit?
Maria : I would rather visit Italia than Somalia.

ô to express polite requests
Example:
Andi : Would you mind cycling with me, Kala?
Kala : No, not at all. It would be nice.

Mikola : Would you please pass the helmet, Bella?
Bella : No problem

3. Should + Verb base
ô to give definite advice (advisability)
Example:
Bunda : Putri, you should study tonight.
You will have English test tomorrow, won’t you?
Putri : I will, Bunda.

Debby : You should paint your door, Bobby. It looks terrible.
Bobby : Yes, I know I should.

ô to express the subject’s obligation or duty
Example: You should practice for more than an hour. (to musical friend)
They shouldn’t allow parking here; the street is too narrow.
Application should be sent before March 25th.

4. Might + Verb base
ô to tell possibilities
Example:
David : Where is Deddy?
Copperfield : He might be in the studio with Kalina.

ô To express polite requests
Example:
Tian : Might I borrow your coat?
Ringgo : I’m afraid not. It has been brought by Donny for weeks and
I don’t know when he’ll return it.
Diposkan oleh primbonmalvin di 00:58

Introductory It

Introductory It
Diposkan oleh Shafa 'Cha' Nabilah on Jumat, 26 Februari 2010
Label: Grammar, Introductory It / Comments: (0)

A : To understand this lesson is easy.
B : It is easy to understand this lesson.

In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory “it”.
A and B mean the same thing, but sentence B is more common and useful than A. A was introduce mainly to make the meaning of B easier to understand.
Introductory “it” can fill the position both of the subject and object.

Introductory “it” as a subject:
· To watch musical programs is pleasant.
It is pleasant to watch musical program.
·To play football must be fun.
It is fun to play football.

When the subjective is an infinitive phrase
We begin a sentence with it when the real subject is an infinitive phrase. So instead of saying, ‘To accept your advice is difficult’, we say, ‘It is difficult to accept your advice’.
Structure: It + verb + subject complement + infinitive phrase (real subject)
·It is easy to learn English. >> (To learn English is easy).
·It is easy to find fault with others. >> (To find fault with others is easy).
·It is difficult to know his motive. >> (To know his motive is difficult).
·It is difficult to find a good job during these troubled times.
·It is dangerous to play with fire.
·It could be dangerous to drive so fast.

Note :
When we wish to emphasize the infinitive phrase, it may be put at the beginning, especially when it is short.

·To err is human OR It is human to err.
·To become a well known writer was his life-long ambition OR It was his lifelong ambition to become a well known writer.
·To invest all your money in shares is foolish OR It is foolish to invest all your money in shares.

When the subject is a gerund phrase
When the real subject is a phrase that includes a gerund, it is used as a provisional subject to begin the sentence. So instead of saying ‘Your trying to fool us is no good’, we say, ‘It is no good your trying to fool us.’
·It won’t be any good complaining to the manager. (Complaining to the manager won’t be any good.)
·It is silly throwing away this opportunity. (Throwing away this opportunity is silly.)
·Will it be any good my talking to him about it? (Will my talking to him about it be any good?)
·It is no fun having so many children to look after. (Having so many children to look after is no fun.)

Note that it is possible to change the gerund into an infinitive.

·It won’t be any good for me to complain to the manager.
·It is silly (for you) to throw away this opportunity.
·Will it be any good for me to talk to him about it?
·Many of these sentences can also be re-written as exclamatory sentences.
·How silly of you to throw away this opportunity!
When the subject is a clause
When the subject is a clause, the sentence usually begins with it. So instead of saying ‘That he was once a communist is true’, we say, ‘It is true that he was once a communist’.
·It does not matter whether he comes or not. (Whether he comes or not does not matter.)
·It is required that he should pay the fine. (That he should pay the fine is required.)
·It is clear that he overheard our conversation. (That he overheard our conversation is clear.)
·It is clear that you are not interested in this offer. (That you are not interested in the offer is clear.)
·It cannot be denied that they tried their best to help him. (That they tried their best to help him cannot be denied. )
·It doesn’t matter whether we buy it now or later. (Whether we buy it now or later does not matter. )
Introductory it with seem, appear and look
Introductory it is also used with seem, appear and look when the subject is an infinitive phrase, a phrase with a gerund in it or a clause.
·It looked doubtful whether she would come
·It seemed strange that she should behave like that.
·It seems possible that she may quit the job.
·It appeared unwise to offend him.
·It does not seem much good going on with the work.
Introductory it as an object
It is sometimes used as the object of the verbs think, feel, deem, count, consider etc.
·Don’t you think it dangerous to drive so carelessly?
·I consider it a privilege to have this opportunity of welcoming you.
·I think it odd that she doesn’t write to me these days.
·I think it a pity that she could not win.
·We think it improper that he should be so dictatorial.
·He made it clear what he wanted.
·I find it difficult to talk to him.
Introductory it in questions
The introductory it is sometimes used in questions.
·Who was it that broke the window?
It is Peter who broke the window.
·Why was it that he stole the bread?
It was because he was poor that he stole the bread.
·When was it that the manager came?
It was at 10 am that the manager came.

Simple Fututre Tense

Future Tense
Simple future is used for describing job or action that will to do (happened) at future.
A. In order to
1. Future tense “will”
a. To assert incident/event that future and decide that incident at talking.
Example= A: can you help me to do this home work?
B: of course, I will do it for you.

b. To offer to do something.
Example= A: I don’t have a pen to write.
B: don’t worry. I will lend you.

c. To assert an agreement to do something.
Example= A: you must come to my party.
B: I promise I will come on party.

d. To ask someone to do something.
Example= A: it’s very hot in my room.
B: certainly.

e. To predict event that will be happened
Example= A: will I pass the test next month?
B: don’t worry, you will pass.

f. To assert an incident/event that will be sure happened.
Example= A: I’m seventeen years old now.
How old will I be next year?
B: you will be eighteen years old next years.
All people and animals in the world will die

2. Future tense “shall”
a. To assert a deal or gift suggestion
Example= Today, we are free.
Where shall we go?
Note: shall for subject “I, we”

3. Future tense “be going to”
a. To assert an incident that will be happened and gone ever break a promise to do it.
Example= A: Did you send my letter for her?
B: oh, I’m sorry I forgot.
I’m going to send it tonight.

b. To assert an incident/event that cause there are incident/event that mention that what will be next happened.
Example= A: The sky is very dark.
What do you think?
B: I think it’s going to rain

B. Time signal
1. Tomorrow…
 Morning
 Afternoon
 Evening
 Night
2. Next…
 Time
 Week
 Month
 Year
 January
3. Tonight
4. The day after tomorrow
5. Soon
6. Later
7. Two, three more days
8. Two, three days later
9. By and by

C. Formation of sentences
1. Positive (+):
a. Subject + shall/will + VI
Example: I shall clean the room
We will go to school
She will give a present
Note: “shall” just can use for subject “I and We”

b. Subject + be + going to + VI
Example: I am going to play tennis
They are going to swim very fast
He is going to write a story



2. Negative (-)
a. Subject + shall/will + not + VI
Example: I shan’t buy a shirt
He won’t clean the room
Note: shall not = shan’t
Will not = won’t

b. Subject + be not + going to + VI
Example: I am not going to give a present

3. Interrogative (?)
a. Shall/will + subject + VI ?
Example: will we play tennis?

b. Be + subject + going to + VI ?
Example: is she going to write a story?

Past Perfect

Past perfect tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an Action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed of finished certain time in the past too; or past perfect tense is used to Express an Action or an event that had happened before that other event or actionhappened.

Formula of Verbal Sentence
(+) SUBJECT + HAD + V3
(- )SUBJECT + HAD + NOT + V3
(?) HAD + SUBJECT + V3?



Example:
(+) She had slept when I came last night.
(- )She had not slept when I came last night.
(?) Had she slept when I came last night?

Formula of Nominal Sentence
(+) SUBJECT + HAD + BEEN+ NON VERB

(- )SUBJECT + HAD +NOT + BEEN+ NON VERB

(?) HAD + SUBJECT + BEEN+ NON VERB?



Example:
(+) I had been there when the accident hapenned.
(- )I had not been Three when the accident hapenned.
(? )Had had been there when the accident hapenned?

News item

News item is to inform the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important. Is structure is:
• Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form
• Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.
• Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities’ expert on the event.
Significant Grammar Features:
 Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
 Generally using Simple Past Tense
 Use of Material Processes to retell the event
 Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.
 Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell
 Focus on Circumstances
 Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages

There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.
1. The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.
2. It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.
5. Headlines are not always complete sentences.

Decriptive Text

Descriptive is to describe a particular person, place, thing or event. It consist of identification and description.
• Identification : identifies the phenomenon to be describe.
• Description : describe parts, qualities and the characteristics of the person, place, thing or event to be describe.
Grammatical Features:
▪ Who? What?
▪ Using Linking verb and Simple Present Tense
▪ Epithet: adjective or adjective phrase
▪ Attributive (the)
▪ Use of attributive and identifying process
▪ Focus on specific participants
▪ Frequent use of epithets and classifier in nominal groups


Example of Descriptive Text:

My Pets
We have three family pets: a dog, a cat, and a tortoise.
The dog’s name is Benjamin. He is big golden Labrador. He is beautiful. He has big brown eyes and a long tail. He is very friendly dog, but he is sometimes a little stupid. Dogs are expensive to keep but they are fun to play with.
Our cat is named Martha. She is quite young, but she is not a kitten. She is very pretty. She has black and white fur and green eyes. She’s smart, too and very clean.
The tortoise’s name is Rocky. He has short, fat legs, a long neck, and a very hard shell. He is also very old and slow. He’s ugly and dirty, but I like him.

ASKING FOR INFORMATION

Asking Information There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:

· Could you tell me...?

· Do you know...?

· Do you happen to know...?

· I'd like to know...

· Could you find out...?

· I'm interested in...

· I'm looking for..

These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:

· I'm calling to find out...

· I'm calling about...

Here are some sample phrases and sentences for asking information in English

1. What is this? This is a tableThis is a table

2. What is that? That is a chair.

3. What's this? It's a pen.

4. What's that? It's an apple.

5. What are these? These are pencils.

6. What are those? Those are books.

7. Where is Mr. King? He is over there.

8. Where is Ms. Knight? She's (right) here.

9. Where's Johnny? He's in the house.

10. When's the movie? It's at 9:00.

11. When's lunch? Lunch is at noon.

12. How is the food? It's delicious.

Information about company

What does your company do?

What is your specialty?

What do you specialize in?

What is your main line of business?

Information about productsCould you give me some (more) information on this?

What can you tell me about this (product)?

Tell me about this one/model.

Information about Price

What are you asking for this?

What does this sell for?

How much is it?

How much does it run?

PASSIVE VOICE (PASSIVE SENTENCE)

In the passive sentence, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb.
Only transitive verbs are used in the passive. Intransitive verbs such as happen, sleep, come and seem cannot be used in the passive.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
Agent
In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent - the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens.
If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
1. Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
2. Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence.

Pattern: be + past participle
Example:
 The boy are listening to a story.
The story was being told by grandfather.
 Snow white eats a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple is eaten by snow white
 Snow white is eating a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple is being eaten by snow white
 Snow white has eaten a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple has been eaten by snow white
 Snow white ate a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple was eaten by snow white
 Snow white was eating a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple was being eaten by snow white
 Snow white had eaten a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple had been eaten by snow white
 Snow white will eat a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple will be eaten by snow white
 Snow white is going to eat a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple is going to be eaten by snow white
 Snow white will have eaten a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple will have been eaten by snow white

Suprise and Disbeliefs

Surprise or disbeliefs is :

• a feeling that we feel when we heard an amazing news which surprised and amazed us
• an expression that we show/say when we know/hear/see something that rather difficult to believe
• used to express something that we can’t or impossible.

Surprise is a brief emotional state experienced as the result of an unexpected significant event. Surprise can have any valence; that is, it can be neutral, pleasant, or unpleasant. If a person experiences a very powerful or long lasting surprise it may be considered shock.


Surprise is expressed in the face by the following features:

• Eyebrows that are raised so they become curved and high.
• Stretched skin below the eyebrows.
• Horizontal wrinkles across the forehead.
• Open eyelids: the upper lid is raised and the lower lid is drawn down, often exposing the white sclera above and below the iris.
• Dropped jaw so that the lips and teeth are parted, with no tension around the mouth.

To express surprises :

• Wow! What a surprise!
• That’s a surprise!
• (Well), that’s very surprising!
• Really?
• What?
• Are you serious? You must be joking!
• You’re kidding!
• Fancy that!
• I must say it surprises me.
• I find that hard to believe.

How To Responds Surprises :

• Yeah!
• It is.
• Yup!
• Sure.
• It’s true.
• I’m Serious.
• No. I’m not.
• Does it?
• It is, isn’t it?

Disbeliefs is a state of the mind in which one is fully persuaded that an opinion, assertion, or doctrine is not true; refusal of assent, credit, or credence; denial of belief.

To Express Disbelief

• I don’t believe it.
• It can’t be true.
• I can’t think of it.
• I don’t trust you.
• I don’t believe you.
• I can’t believe this!
• I didn’t know that.

Gratitude, Compliment and Congratulation

A. Gratitude
Gratitude is also called thanking.
We say “thank you” when people give us something, help we do something, give a compliment, wish us something, etc.
Expressing gratitude:
 I should like to express my gratitude
 Thank you very much
 Thanks for your help
 How can I thank you?
 I’m very grateful to you
 I can’t thank you enough
 I’m very much obliged to you.
Responding:
 It was the least I could do
 You’re welcome
 No big deal
 Don’t mention it
 It’s a pleasure
 That’s all right
 Any time

B. Compliment
Compliment is expression that use to give praising to other people.
Some people use compliment to butter up somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will.
Complimenting:
 Good grade!
 Nice work
 Excellent!
 Good job!
 You look great
 What a nice t-shirt
 I really must express my admiration for your dance
 You look very nice (beautiful/handsome)

C. Congratulation
Congratulation is expression that used to said congratulate to someone when get a success.
Congratulating:
 I must congratulate you
 Please accept my warmest congratulations
 I’d like to be first to congratulate you
 Congratulations on your success
 Congrats! Finally, your dream comes true!

INVITATION (WRITTEN)

Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something.
Here are some expressions you can use to invite someone and accept invitation.

INVITING SOMEONE
 I would like to invite you to come to my house
 If you are not busy, please try to come to my office
 Will you come to my party on Saturday night?
 Shall we see the film?

ACCEPTING AN INVITATION
 Great! Let’s do it.
 Thank you. I’d like too.
 That’s a good idea.
 That would be very nice.

DECLINING AN INVITATION
 I’m really sorry about that.
 Sorry, I can’t. I have to do something
 I’d love to. But I can’t

Direct and Indirect Speech

A. Direct speech

Direct speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact word oe saying exactly what someone has said(sometimes called quoted speech) here what a peson says appears within quotation marks (“….”) and should be word for word.
For example :
She said,”today’s lesson is on presentations.” Or
“Today’s lesson is on presentations,” she said.
B.Indirect speech
Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech),doesn’t use quotation marks to enclpse what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.



For example :” I’m going to the cinema”,he said – he said he was going to the cinema.

Tense Change
When reporting speech the tense usually changes. Because when we use reported speech,we are usually talking about a time in the past. Note : the reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentence are : Tell , other command , ask,warn remind

Simple present - Past tenses
Vita said” I eat fried rice” vita said that she ate fried rice

Simple past - Past perfect
Mother said” I went to market yesterday” - mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.

Simple future - Past future
Dave said” I will buy an i-pod nexk week’ - Dave said (that) he would buy an i-pod the week after.

Present continuous - Past continuous
Gama said” I’m playing football” - Gama said he was playing football

Past continuous - Past perfect continuous
She said” I was teaching earlier” - she said she had been teaching earlier

-when report what someone said,don’t usually repeat their exact weords,use our words, we can use reporting words such as tell say as follow by”that clause”
example : my mother said that she got up at 4 o’clock.

In time expression and pronouns
Direct speech-----
-now
-today/tonight
-Yesterday
-tomorrow
-last week
-next week
-ago
-this/these
-here
-pronouns

Indirect speech-----
-then
-that day/that night
-the day before/the previous day
-the next/following day
-the previous week
-the following week/the week after
-before
-that/those
-there
-they changes according to the context

Modal verb froms also sometimes change :
Direct speech-----
Will
Can
Must
Shall
May

Indirect speech-----
would
could
had
should
might

Note – there is no change to;could,would,should,might and ought too.
Direct speech
“I might go to the cinema”, he said

Indirect speech
He said he might go to cinema.

OFFERING

The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.

Nia : Would you like a cup of tea, Mr, Jackson?

Mrs. Jackson: Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm...this tea tastes good....and smells fragrant too.......

Nia : thank you. I’m glad you like it.

Ways to say it

* Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr Green?

* Should I get you a bottle of water?

* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. kiki?

* Would you care some salad?

Ofering to friends:

* Want some?

* Have some?

* Chocolate?

* Grab some for yourself

Less formal expressions:

* Would you like to have a pancake?

* Why don't you have some lemonade?

* What can I get for you?

* What will you have?

Declining an offering

* No, thanks.

* No, really won't, thanks

* Not for me, thanks.

Accepting an offering:

* Thank you.

* Yes, please

* I'd like it very much

* That would be very nice